Indian Penal Code (IPC, Hindi:
भारतीय दण्ड संहिता) is
the main criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code
intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. It was drafted in 1860 and came
into force in British India during the earlyBritish Raj period
in 1862. However, it did not apply automatically in the Princely states, which had their own courts
and legal systems until the 1940s. The Code has since been amended several times
and is now supplemented by other criminal provisions. In the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the IPC is known as Ranbir
Penal Code (RPC).[1]
After
the departure of the British, the Indian Penal Code was inherited by Pakistan
as well, much of which was formerly part of British India, and there it is now
called the Pakistan Penal Code.
Even after the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan, it continued in force
there. It was also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Burma, Ceylon
(now Sri Lanka), the Straits Settlements (now part of Malaysia), Singapore and
Brunei, and remains the basis of the criminal codes in those countries.
History[edit]
During
the Moghul rule, courts administered the "Sharia" law to the exclusion of Hindu law. Islamic law gave way to English criminal law,
with the increase of British influence in the Indian subcontinent.
Before 1860, The English criminal law, as modified by several Acts of the Governor-General,
was administered in the Presidency-Towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
The
draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission,
chaired by Thomas
Babington Macaulay. Its basis is the law of England freed from
superfluities, technicalities and local peculiarities. Elements were also
derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston's Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. The first final draft of the
Indian Penal Code was submitted to the Governor-General of India in Council in
1837, but the draft was again revised. The drafting was completed in 1850 and
the Code was presented to the Legislative Council in 1856, but it did not take
its place on the statute book of British India until a generation later,
following the Indian Rebellion
of 1857. The draft then underwent a very careful revision at the
hands of Barnes Peacock, who later became the first
Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court,
and the future puisne judges of the Calcutta High Court, who were
members of the Legislative Council, and was passed into law on 6 October 1860.[2] The
Code came into operation on 1 January 1862. Unfortunately, Macaulay did not
survive to see his masterpiece come into force, having died near the end of
1859. 4454
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NDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860 (Sections 1 to 511)
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Chapter
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Sections covered
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Classification of offences
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Chapter I
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Sections 1 to 5
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Introduction
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Chapter II
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Sections 6 to 52
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General Explanations
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Chapter III
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Sections 53 to 75
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of Punishments
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Chapter IV
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Sections 76 to 106
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General Exceptions
of the Right of Private Defence (Sections 96 to 106)
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Chapter V
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Sections 107 to 120
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Of Abetment
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Chapter VA
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Sections 120A to 120B
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Criminal Conspiracy
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Chapter VI
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Sections 121 to 130
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Of Offences against
the State
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Chapter VII
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Sections 131 to 140
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Of Offences relating
to the Army, Navy and Air Force
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Chapter VIII
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Sections 141 to 160
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Of Offences against
the Public Tranquillity
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Chapter IX
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Sections 161 to 171
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Of Offences by or
relating to Public Servants
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Chapter IXA
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Sections 171A to 171I
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Of Offences Relating
to Elections
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Chapter X
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Sections 172 to 190
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Of Contempts of Lawful
Authority of Public Servants
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Chapter XI
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Sections 191 to 229
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Of False Evidence and
Offences against Public Justice
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Chapter XII
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Sections 230 to 263
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Of Offences relating
to coin and Government Stamps
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Chapter XIII
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Sections 264 to 267
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Of Offences relating
to Weight and Measures
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Chapter XIV
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Sections 268 to 294
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Of Offences affecting
the Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency and Morals.
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Chapter XV
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Sections 295 to 298
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Of Offences relating
to Religion
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Chapter XVI
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Sections 299 to 377
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Of Offences affecting
the Human Body.
·
Of
Offences Affecting Life including murder, culpable homicide (Sections
299 to 311)
·
Of
the Causing of Miscarriage, of Injuries to Unborn Children, of the Exposure
of Infants, and of the Concealment of Births (Sections 312 to 318)
·
Of
Hurt (Sections 319 to 338)
·
Of
Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement (Sections 339 to
348)
·
Of
Criminal Force and Assault (Sections 349 to 358)
·
Of Kidnapping, Abduction,
Slavery and Forced Labour (Sections 359 to 374)
·
Sexual
Offences including rape (Sections 375 to 376)
·
Of
Unnatural Offences (Section 377)
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Chapter XVII
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Sections 378 to 462
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Of Offences Against Property
·
Of
Theft (Sections 378 to 382)
·
Of Extortion (Sections
383 to 389)
·
Of
Robbery and Dacoity (Sections 390 to 400)
·
Of
Criminal Misappropriation of Property (Sections 403 to 404)
·
Of
Criminal Breach of Trust (Sections 405 to 409)
·
Of
the Receiving of Stolen Property (Sections 410 to 414)
·
Of Cheating (Section
415 to 420)
·
Of
Fraudulent Deeds and Disposition of Property (Sections 421 to 424)
·
Of
Mischief (Sections 425 to 440)
·
Of
Criminal Trespass (Sections
441 to 462)
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Chapter XVIII
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Sections 463 to 489
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Of Offences relating
to Documents and Property Marks
·
Of
Property and Other Marks (Sections 478 to 489)
·
Of
Currency Notes and Bank Notes (Sections 489A to 489E)
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Chapter XIX
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Sections 490 to 492
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Of the Criminal Breach
of Contracts of Service
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Chapter XX
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Sections 493 to 498
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Of Offences Relating
to Marriage
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Chapter XXA
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Sections 498A
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Of Cruelty by Husband
or Relatives of Husband
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Chapter XXI
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Sections 499 to 502
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Of Defamation
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Chapter XXII
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Sections 503 to 510
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Of Criminal intimidation,
Insult and Annoyance
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Chapter XXIII
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Section 511
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Of Attempts to
Commit Offences
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